Hábitos alimentarios antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en un grupo de niñas/os de La Pampa / Eating patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a group of children from La Pampa

Introducción: los cambios de hábitos alimentarios en la infancia durante la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían predisponer a futuras enfermedades. Objetivos: explorar hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en la niñez durante la pandemia; estimar satisfacción corporal, sobrepeso y obesidad; describir hábitos que influyen en el estado nutricional. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una encuesta con Google Form disponible durante cuatro meses en 2020 que se difundió en medios de comunicación. Se obtuvieron 306 encuestas de niñas y niños, entre 6 y 12 años, de la provincia de La Pampa. Resultados: se observó una reducción en la realización de actividad física durante la pandemia en un 27% de la muestra. Se evidenció un escaso consumo de pescado, frutos secos, legumbres y semillas. Solamente el 15% de los encuestados manifestó diariamente comer verduras y el 50% frutas y lácteos. El 40% consumía jugos, gaseosas y bebidas azucaradas tres a cuatro veces por semana y 32% agregaba sal a las comidas como hábito diario. El 19% de la muestra expresó la autopercepción que durante la pandemia empeoró su alimentación. Se demostró un aumento tanto en las horas de sueño como frente a las pantallas. Se destacó como positivo el aumento de la participación en la preparación de comidas caseras y la comensalidad familiar. En relación a los datos antropométricos, el índice de masa corporal indicó: 15% sobrepeso y 7% obesidad. El 70% estaba conforme con su peso, 26% le gustaría bajar y 4% aumentar. Conclusiones: la escasa frecuencia de consumo de frutas y verduras podría ocasionar deficiencias nutricionales. En general, la situación de confinamiento exigida por la emergencia sanitaria significó un deterioro en la calidad alimentaria y un aumento en los niveles de sedentarismo. Los resultados antropométricos concuerdan con los estudios argentinos de prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y, a su vez, alarman sobre la situación de disconformidad corporal

Introduction: changes in eating habits in childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic could create predisposition to future diseases. Objectives: to explore eating habits and physical exercise in childhood during the pandemic; to estimate body satisfaction, overweight and obesity; to describe habits that influence nutritional status. Materials and methods: a survey was carried out with Google Form, available for a period of four months in 2020 and disseminated in the media. 306 surveys of girls and boys, between 6 and 12 years old, from the province of La Pampa were obtained. Results: a reduction in physical activity during the pandemic was observed in 27% of the sample group. Low consumption of fish, nuts, legumes and seeds was evident. Only 15% of those surveyed stated that they eat vegetables daily and 50% fruits and dairy products. 40% consumed juices, sodas and sugary drinks 3 to 4 times a week and 32% added salt to their meals as a daily habit. 19% of the sample group said that their diet was worsened during the pandemia. An increase in both, the hours of sleep and the hours in front of the screens, was demonstrated. The increase in participation in the preparation of home-cooked meals and family dining was highlighted as positive. In relation to the anthropometric data, the Body Mass Index indicated: 15% were overweight and 7% obese. 70% were satisfied with their weight, 26% would like to lose weight and 4% would like to increase it. Conclusions: the low frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables could cause nutritional deficiencies. In general, the situation of confinement imposed by the health emergency, resulted in a deterioration of food quality and increasing sedentarism. The anthropometric results agree with the Argentine studies of the prevalence of overweight and obesity and in turn alarm about the situation of body discomfort

Dificultades de alimentación en niños con Síndrome de Down / Feeding difficulties in children with Down Syndrome

La alimentación es un acto complejo que requiere integración entre los sistemas nerviosos central y periférico, las estructuras gastrointestinales, cardiopulmonares, mecanismo velofaríngeo, estructuras craneofaciales y musculoesqueléticas. Para que se convierta en un acto placentero para el niño, dependerá de las experiencias sensoriales vividas o aprendidas en los primeros meses de vida y de la interacción con el entorno y sus cuidadores. Por ello, es de extrema importancia el amamantamiento exclusivo durante los primeros seis meses y su complementación hasta los dos años de vida del niño, para que pueda transitar los períodos de cambios en la dieta sin traumas ni estrés. Cualquier interrupción en este proceso puede llevar a una pérdida en la introducción y desarrollo de la nutrición, generando una dificultad alimentaria (AD). Esta se define como cualquier problema que puede influir negativamente en la forma en que los padres y los cuidadores proporcionan alimentos al niño, y sus probables consecuencias son alteración en el desarrollo general, oral, motriz, sensorial y psicosocial, dependiendo de la gravedad del caso. El fonoaudiólogo puede intervenir mediante enfoques amplios e integradores, con el fin de lograr una alimentación más segura y eficaz, estimulando el sistema sensorial motor oral, mejorando la masticación y promoviendo una mayor coordinación entre las funciones de succión, respiración y deglución. Los niños con síndrome de Down, al poseer una determinada condición genética, presentan algunas características clínicas como la protrusión lingual, alteraciones en la deglución, disminución del tono muscular, reflujo gastroesofágico, intolerancia alimentaria, mala absorción intestinal, paladar ojival, coordinación motora deficiente y otros factores que pueden causar un retraso en el desarrollo del sistema estomatognático, facilitando la aparición de dificultades en la alimentación. Sabiendo que la nutrición es un factor importante para el desarrollo saludable del niño, el objetivo de este estudio es presentar los datos disponibles en la literatura sobre las dificultades de alimentación en los niños con síndrome de Down.

Feeding is a complex act that requires integration between the central and peripheral nervous systems, gastrointestinal and cardiopulmonary process, velopharyngeal mechanism, craniofacial and musculoskeletal structures. To become a pleasurable act for the child, it will depend on the sensory experiences lived or learned in the first months of life and the interaction with the environment and its caregivers. therefore, exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months and supplementation until the baby's two years is extremely important to the child can go through periods of dietary changes without trauma and stress. Any interference in this process can generate impairment in the introduction and development of feeding, creating feeding difficulty. This is defined as any problem that can negatively influence how parents and caregivers provide food for the child, and its probable consequences are changes in the overall development, oral motor and psychosocial development, depending on the severity of the case. The speech therapist can intervene through broad and integrative approaches, aiming a safer and more effective diet, through the stimulation of the oral motor sensory system, improving chewing and promoting greater coordination between the suction, breathing and swallowing functions. Children with Down Syndrome, for having a specific genetic condition, have some clinical characteristics such as tongue protrusion, swallowing disorders, decreased muscle tone, gastroesophageal reflux, food intolerance, intestinal malabsorption, ogival palate, impaired motor coordination and other factors that can cause a delay in the development of the stomatognathic system, facilitating the appearance of feeding difficulties. Knowing that nutrition is an important factor for the healthy development of the child, the aim of this study is to present the data available in the literature about feeding difficulties in children with Down Syndrome.

Profile of Breastfeeding Practice among Mothers of Brazilian Children Attended in a Dentistry Preventive Program

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the breastfeeding practice of mothers of children assisted in the educational and preventive dentistry program to create actions to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach carried out in a dental clinic for babies. A questionnaire was applied to the mothers containing 10 multiple choice questions about breastfeeding practices and attitudes. Data were stored in a Microsoft Excel database for descriptive statistical analysis. Results: 614 mothers answered the questionnaire. It was found that 96.4% of mothers considered breastfeeding the best way to feed a baby and the child's health benefits stood out as the main reason (98.7%) for breastfeeding. According to 82.9% of mothers, the ideal time to breastfeed the baby is up to 2 years of age; 81.8% breastfed or intended to breastfeed their children up to this age, finding it perfectly natural to breastfeed in public (72.1%). The greatest fear of mothers was not being able to breastfeed their child long enough (61.4%), feeling guilty about it (77%). On the other hand, breastfeeding in public was considered a fantastic attitude (56.8%). Conclusion: Mothers in this sample have information about the recommendations of the health agencies regarding breastfeeding; however, there was a large weaning index among them.

Sampling plan of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Plano amostral do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Plan de muestreo del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

The article describes methodological aspects in defining the study population, sampling plan, and sample weigthing and calibration of effective sample of the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This population-based household survey assessed breastfeeding and dietary intake, anthropometric assessment of nutritional status, and micronutrient deficiencies by blood biomarkers in children under five years of age. The data were obtained with a probability sample, with stratification by the five geographic regions in the country and clustering by census enumeration areas (CEAs). The sample was calculated at 15,000 households distributed in 1,500 CEAs, with 300 allocated in each of Brazil's five major geographic regions and 10 eligible households per CEA, sampled using inverse sampling. The required population parameters were thus estimated to reach the study's objectives. The basic sampling design weights were calculated as the inverse probabilities of the households' inclusion in the study. Imputation was used to compensate for non-response to items in the target variables, except for data on the blood biomarkers. Finally, calibration used population totals of children in 60 post-strata, defined by cross-classification of the following variables: major geographic region, sex, and age. The final sample included 14,558 children residing in 12,524 households, distributed in 1,382 CEAs in the 26 states of Brazil and the Federal District. The data from the ENANI-2019 survey will support strategies for the promotion and implementation of public policies for children under five years of age.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever aspectos metodológicos referentes à definição da população da pesquisa, plano amostral, ponderação e calibração da amostra efetiva do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar que realizou avaliação do aleitamento materno e de consumo alimentar, avaliação antropométrica do estado nutricional, e avaliação das deficiências de micronutrientes mediante análise de biomarcadores sanguíneos em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade. Seus dados foram obtidos por meio de uma amostra probabilística domiciliar, com estratificação geográfica por macrorregião e conglomeração por setores censitários. A amostra foi dimensionada em 15.000 domicílios, distribuídos em 1.500 setores censitários, sendo 300 em cada macrorregião e 10 domicílios elegíveis por setor, através de amostragem inversa. Assim, estimaram-se os parâmetros populacionais requeridos para atingir os objetivos do estudo. Os pesos amostrais básicos do desenho foram calculados como inversos das probabilidades de inclusão dos domicílios na pesquisa. Para compensar a não resposta de itens das variáveis pesquisadas foi usada imputação, com exceção para os dados de biomarcadores sanguíneos. A calibração empregou totais populacionais de crianças para 60 pós-estratos definidos por cruzamento das variáveis macrorregião, sexo e idade. A amostra final compreendeu 14.558 crianças, residentes em 12.524 domicílios, distribuídos em 1.382 setores censitários nas 27 Unidades da Federação. Os dados do ENANI-2019 poderão subsidiar estratégias de promoção e implementação de políticas públicas para crianças menores de 5 anos.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir aspectos metodológicos referentes a definición de la población de la investigación, plan de muestreo, ponderación de la muestra y muestra efectiva del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria, que realizó una evaluación de la lactancia materna y de consumo alimentario, así como una evaluación antropométrica del estado nutricional y de las deficiencias de micronutrientes, mediante análisis de biomarcadores sanguíneos en niños menores de cinco años de edad. Sus datos se obtuvieron mediante una muestra probabilística domiciliaria, con estratificación geográfica por macrorregión y conglomerados por sectores censitarios. La muestra se circunscribió a 15.000 domicilios, distribuidos en 1.500 sectores censitarios, encontrándose 300 en cada macrorregión, junto 10 domicilios elegibles por sector, a través de un muestreo inverso. De esta forma, se estimaron los parámetros poblacionales requeridos para alcanzar los objetivos del estudio. Los pesos básicos de las muestras del diseño se calcularon como inversos a las probabilidades de inclusión de los domicilios en la investigación. Para compensar la no respuesta de ítems de las variables investigadas se usó la imputación, con excepción de los datos con biomarcadores sanguíneos. La calibración empleó totales poblacionales de niños para los 60 post estratos, definidos mediante el cruce de las variables macrorregión, sexo y edad. La muestra final comprendió 14.558 niños, residentes en 12.524 domicilios, distribuidos en 1.382 sectores censitarios dentro de las 27 Unidades de la Federación. Los datos del ENANI-2019 podrán apoyar estrategias de promoción e implementación de políticas públicas para niños menores de cinco años.

Methodological aspects of the micronutrient assessment in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey / Aspectos metodológicos da avaliação de micronutrientes no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019): inquérito domiciliar de base populacional / Aspectos metodológicos de la evaluación de micronutrientes en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019): encuesta domiciliaria de base poblacional

This article aims to present methodological aspects on the collection, analyses, coverage, challenges, and the lessons learned from laboratory assessment of micronutrients on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). This is a household survey on a probability sample of children under five years of age from 123 Brazilian municipalities in all 26 states and the Federal District. Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture at the homes of children 6 to 59 months of age. This procedure was performed by experienced phlebotomists from the laboratories located in the selected municipalities and scheduled in advance. Blood and serum levels were measured for biomarkers of nutritional status, using the services of a clinical test laboratory with nationwide coverage, for the following micronutrients: iron (hemoglobin and ferritin), zinc, selenium, folic acid, and vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, D, and E. C-reactive protein was analyzed as a marker of inflammation. A barcode identifier was used to track the blood samples and to link the biochemical test results to the other data collected in the survey. A total of 14,558 children were studied. Of the 12,598 eligible children, 8,829 (70.1%) had blood samples drawn. Of the total number of children who had samples drawn, 91.8% (n = 8,025) have results for at least nine of the 12 analyses performed. Coverage of the analysis varied from 95% (for vitamins A and E) to 84.2% (for folic acid). Aliquots of whole blood and serum were stored in a biorepository for future analyses. The results of this pioneering study in the country will back the formulation and, when necessary, the reorientation of public policies in food and nutrition.

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os aspectos metodológicos referentes à coleta e análise de dados laboratoriais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), a cobertura das análises laboratoriais, os desafios enfrentados e as lições aprendidas. Trata-se de um inquérito populacional de base domiciliar de crianças menores de cinco anos realizado em 123 municípios dos 26 estados da Federação e o Distrito Federal. A coleta de sangue por punção venosa foi realizada em domicílio em crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses, por coletador experiente de laboratório(s) existente(s) nos municípios amostrados. Foram determinadas as concentrações sanguíneas e séricas de biomarcadores do estado nutricional utilizando os serviços de um laboratório de análises clínicas com abrangência nacional para os seguintes micronutrientes: ferro (hemoglobina e ferritina), zinco, selênio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D e E. A proteína C reativa foi analisada como marcador de inflamação. Um código de barras identificador das amostras de sangue foi utilizado para o rastreio da amostra e para a junção dos resultados dos exames bioquímicos com os demais dados coletados na pesquisa. Foram estudadas 14.558 crianças. Das 12.598 elegíveis, 8.829 (70,1%) realizaram coleta de sangue. Do total de crianças que realizaram coleta de sangue, 91,8% (n = 8.025) têm resultados para pelo menos nove das 12 análises realizadas. A cobertura por análise variou de 95% (para vitaminas A e E) a 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Os resultados deste estudo pioneiro subsidiarão a formulação e, quando for o caso, o redirecionamento de políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar aspectos metodológicos, respecto a la recogida y análisis de datos de laboratorio del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019), así como la cobertura de los mismos, los desafíos enfrentados y lecciones aprendidas. Se trata de una encuesta poblacional de base domiciliaria con niños menores de cinco años, realizada en 123 municipios de los 26 estados de la Federación y el Distrito Federal. La recogida de sangre por punción venosa se realizó en domicilios con niños, de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 59 meses, con la intervención de un flebotomista con experiencia en laboratorio(s) existente(s) en los municipios de muestra. Se determinaron las concentraciones sanguíneas y séricas de biomarcadores del estado nutricional, utilizando los servicios de un laboratorio de análisis clínicos con alcance nacional para los siguientes micronutrientes: hierro (hemoglobina y ferritina), zinc, selenio, ácido fólico, vitaminas A, B1, B6, B12, D y E. La proteína C reactiva se analizó como marcador de inflamación. Un código de barras identificador de las muestras de sangre se utilizó para el rastreo de la muestra y para la conjunción de los resultados de los exámenes bioquímicos con los demás datos recogidos en la investigación. Se estudiaron 14.558 niños. De los 12.598 elegibles, a 8.829 (70,1%) se les sacó sangre. Del total de niños, a quienes se les tomó muestras de sangre, un 91,8% (n = 8.025) obtuvieron resultados para por lo menos nueve de los 12 análisis realizados. La cobertura por análisis varió de un 95% (para vitaminas A y E), a un 84,2% (para ácido fólico). Los resultados de este estudio pionero apoyarán la formulación y, cuando fuera necesario, la redirección de políticas públicas de alimentación y nutrición.

Acompanhamento fonoaudiológico nas dificuldades alimentares no câncer infanto-juvenil: uma série de casos / Speech therapy follow-up for eating difficulties with juvenile child cancer: a series of cases / Seguimiento fonoaudiológico en las dificultades de alimentación en el cáncer infantojuvenil: una serie de casos

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar o acompanhamento fonoaudiológico nas dificuldades alimentares no câncer infanto-juvenil. Métodos: O estudo de série de casos retrospectivo e descritivo-qualitativo teve amostra composta por 3 indivíduos com idade variando entre 8 e 14 anos, em acompanhamento com a equipe do Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica do Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio - Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, com solicitação de avaliação fonoaudiológica para investigação de deglutição/alimentação. A coleta foi realizada por meio de dados extraídos de prontuário eletrônico da instituição, onde constavam as evoluções dos casos dos pacientes internados e atendidos em ambulatório, de março de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Resultados: Nos 3 casos relatados, os pacientes apresentaram deglutição normal, com indicação de via alternativa para alimentação pelo prejuízo na ingestão oral de alimentos durante e/ou após o tratamento oncológico. As queixas alimentares devido aos efeitos colaterais do tratamento foram inapetência, alteração de paladar, náusea e vômitos. Os casos foram acompanhados durante a internação e em ambulatório de fonoaudiologia. Dois dos pacientes permaneceram com a via alternativa por tempo prolongado e um deles reestabeleceu a alimentação por via oral exclusiva. Conclusão: O fonoaudiólogo inserido na equipe multidisciplinar de cuidados ao paciente com câncer infanto-juvenil é um dos responsáveis pelo acompanhamento das dificuldades alimentares provocadas pela doença e tratamentos, com olhar além da disfagia orofaríngea. A sua atuação deve envolver estratégias que promovam a nutrição adequada, seja por via alternativa ou via oral, visando segurança e conforto, com respeito à autonomia do paciente.

Objective: This study was aimed to report speech therapy follow-up for eating difficulties with childhood cancer. Methods: The retrospective and descriptive-qualitative case series study was sampled composed of patients aged between 8 and 14 years, under follow-up with the Pediatric Oncology Service of the Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio - Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, with a request for speech therapy evaluation for swallowing/feeding research. The collection was performed through data extracted from the institution's electronic medical records, with the evolution of the cases of patients hospitalized and attended in an outpatient clinic, from March 2018 to August 2019. Results: In the 3 reported cases, the patients presented normal swallowing, with indication of feeding tubes by impairment in oral food intake during and/or after cancer treatment. The dietary complaints due to the side effects of treatment were inapetence, taste change, nausea and vomiting. The cases were followed during hospitalization and in the speech therapy outpatient clinic. Two of the patients remained on a feeding tube for a long time and one of them reestablished exclusive oral feeding. Conclusion: The speech therapist inserted in the multidisciplinary team of care for patients with childhood cancer is one of those responsible for follow-up of eating difficulties caused by the disease and treatments, with a look beyond oropharyngeal dysphagia. Its performance should involve strategies that promote adequate nutrition, either alternatively or orally, aiming at safety and comfort, with respect to the patient's autonomy.

Objetivo: Este estudio tenía como objetivo de relatar el seguimiento fonoaudiológico en las dificultades de alimentación en el cáncer infantil. Métodos: El estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo-cualitativo de la serie de casos estaba compuesto por 3 individuos de entre 8 y 14 años, bajo seguimiento con el equipo de Servicio de Oncología Pediátrica del Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio - Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, con solicitud de evaluación fonoaudiológica para la investigación de la deglutición/alimentación. La recopilación se realizó a través de datos extraídos de la historia clínica digitalizada institucional con la evolución de los casos de pacientes hospitalizados y atendidos en un servicio de consulta externa, de marzo de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Resultados: En los 3 casos reportados, los pacientes presentaron deglución normal, con indicación de vía alterna de alimentación por presentar dificultad en la ingesta oral de alimentos durante y/o después del tratamiento oncológico. Las quejas alimenticias asociadas a los efectos secundarios del tratamiento fueron la pérdida del apetito, alteración en el sentido del gusto, náuseas y vómito. Los casos fueron acompañados por el fonoaudiólogo durante la hospitalización y el servicio de consulta externa. Dos de los pacientes permanecieron con via alterna de alimentación durante un tiempo prolongado y uno de ellos restableció la alimentación por vía oral por completo. Conclusión: El fonoaudiólogo como parte del equipo multidisciplinario de atención en pacientes con cáncer infantil, es uno de los responsables del seguimiento de las dificultades de alimentación causadas por la enfermedad y los tratamientos, con una mirada más allá de la disfagia orofaríngea. Su actuación debe incluir estrategias que promuevan una nutrición adecuada, ya sea por vía alterna o vía oral, con el objetivo de garantizar la seguridad y comodidad del paciente y respetando su autonomía.

Influência da ambiência escolar no estado nutricional de pré-escolares de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Influence of school ambience on the nutritional statusof preschoolers of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a ambiência escolar e o estado nutricional de pré-escolares da rede pública de Macaé. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com dados antropométricos secundários, coletados entre 2012 e 2014. Foram analisadas 962 crianças, de 2,1 a 6,6 anos, de quatro escolas, segundo recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A ambiência foi avaliada, qualitativamente, por observação direta. Por regressão logística, foi verificado se a chance de ocorrer desvios nutricionais diferia entre as escolas. A prevalência de excesso nutricional foi alarmante, principalmente nos menores de cinco anos (13,7%). Em crianças com cinco anos ou mais, as duas escolas, com ampla rede social de apoio no entorno, tiveram menor chance de ocorrer excesso nutricional (Odds Ratio de 0,40 e 0,33; p < 0,05). A escola com mais lanchonetes e propagandas de alimentos no território teve maior proporção de obesidade. Fatores positivos de ambiência dentro da escola, como ausência de cantina comercial, não conseguiram evitar o excesso nutricional. Este estudo adverte a respeito da relevância do entorno, sobretudo do apoio social. Esse é pouco abordado na literatura em nutrição, mas pode ser diferencial no perfil nutricional, em especial quando aspectos-chave de proteção no interior da escola estão adequados.

Abstract This study evaluated school ambience and the nutritional status of preschoolers in the Macaé city public system. This is a cross-sectional study with secondary anthropometric data collected between 2012 and 2014. In all, 962 children, aged 2.1 to 6.6 years from four schools were analyzed as per the World Health Organization recommendation. Ambience was assessed qualitatively by direct observation. Logistic regression verified the probability of different nutritional deviations among schools. The prevalence of nutritional excess was alarming, especially for children under five (13.7%). In children aged five years and over, the two schools with large social support network in their surroundings had a lower probability of nutritional excess (OR = 0.40 and OR = 0.33; p < 0.05). The school with more cafeterias and food advertisements in the territory had higher proportion of obesity. Positive factors of ambience within schools, such as the lack of commercial canteen, could not avoid nutritional excess. This paper warns about the importance of surroundings, especially social support. This is poorly addressed in nutrition literature, but may be a differential in the nutritional profile, mainly when key aspects of protection within school are adequate.

Padrões alimentares de crianças de 13 a 35 meses de idade e associação com características maternas / Eating patterns among children aged 13 to 35 months and association with maternal characteristics / Estándares alimentarios en niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad y su asociación con características maternas

Resumo: O objetivo foi identificar os padrões alimentares em crianças e verificar a sua associação com características maternas. Foram estudadas 1.185 crianças de 13 a 35 meses de idade. O consumo alimentar foi investigado por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e os padrões alimentares identificados pela análise fatorial por componentes principais, seguida de rotação ortogonal varimax. Utilizou-se a modelagem hierarquizada por meio da regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância para calcular as razões de prevalências. Quatro padrões alimentares foram identificados: comum brasileiro, lácteo/mingau, saudável e não saudável. A variância explicada por esses fatores foi de 34,3%, sendo que o padrão comum brasileiro foi o que mais contribuiu com a variância proporcional. Destaca-se o padrão lácteo/mingau, em que o leite materno apresentou carga fatorial negativa, apontando para a sua substituição pelos leites de vaca e modificados. Os dados revelam que a caracterização dos padrões alimentares das crianças diverge segundo as características maternas, como a idade, escolaridade e número de filhos. Três dos quatro padrões encontrados são representados por alimentos ricos em amido, gordura saturada e açúcar simples, e pobres em vitaminas, minerais e fibras. Multiparidade, menor escolaridade materna e idade materna menor que 20 anos foram associadas ao menor consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis e importantes para o desenvolvimento infantil.

Abstract: This study sought to identify eating patterns among children and to verify their association with maternal characteristics. We studied 1,185 children aged 13 to 35 months. Food consumption was investigated using the 24h dietary recall and the eating patterns were identified using principal components factor analysis, followed by orthogonal varimax rotation. We carried out a hierarchical modeling using poisson regression with robust variance estimates in order to estimate prevalence ratios. We identified four eating patterns: common Brazilian, dairy/porridge, healthy and unhealthy. The variance explained by these factors was of 34.3% and the common Brazilian pattern was the one that most contributed to proportional variance. We highlight the dairy/porridge pattern, in which breast milk had negative factorial loading, suggesting its substitution by cow and modified milk. The data reveal that the characterization of children's eating patterns diverges according to maternal characteristics, such as age, educational level and number of children. Three of the four patterns we found are represented by foods rich in starch, saturated fat and simple sugar and poor in vitamins, minerals and fibers. Multiparity, lower educational levels and maternal age under 20 years were associated with a lower consumption of foods considered to be healthy and important in child development.

Resumen: El objetivo fue identificar los estándares alimentarios en niños y verificar su asociación con características maternas. Se estudiaron a 1.185 niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad. El consumo alimentario se investigó mediante un recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas, y los estándares alimentarios se identificaron mediante un análisis factorial por componentes principales, seguidos de una rotación ortogonal varimax. Se utilizó un modelado jerarquizado mediante la regresión de Poisson con estimativa robusta de la variancia para estimar razones de prevalencias. Se identificaron cuatro estándares alimentarios: brasileño común, lácteo/papillas, saludable y no saludable. La variancia explicada por esos factores fue 34,3%, donde el estándar común brasileño fue el que más contribuyó a la variancia proporcional. Se destaca el estándar lácteo/papilla, donde la leche materna presentó una carga factorial negativa, apuntando su sustitución por leches de vaca y modificadas. Los datos revelan que la caracterización de los estándares alimentarios de los niños diverge según las características maternas, como la edad, escolaridad y número de hijos. Tres de los cuatro estándares encontrados se representan por alimentos ricos en almidón, grasa saturada y azúcar común y pobre en vitaminas, minerales y fibras. Multiparidad, menor escolaridad materna y edad materna inferior a 20 años se asociaron a un menor consumo de alimentos considerados saludables e importantes para el desarrollo infantil.

Influence of breastfeeding in the first months of life on blood pressure levels of preschool children / Influência do aleitamento materno nos primeiros meses de vida na pressão arterial de pré-escolares

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether breastfeeding in early life affects blood pressure of preschoolers. Methods: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort from a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. All children in the cohort were invited for this study. Thus, between 2009 and 2010, blood pressure of 230 preschool children and their mothers, in addition to anthropometric variables, previous history, and socioeconomic status were evaluated. Blood pressure measurement was assessed in the morning, using automatic Omron® HEM-714INT and HEM-781INT devices to measure the blood pressure of preschool children and their mothers, respectively. Logistic regression was used to study the association between breastfeeding and blood pressure. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: This study identified 19 (8.26%) preschool children with high blood pressure (values above the 90th percentile). High systolic blood pressure was associated with low birth weight (OR = 5.41; 95% CI = 1.45-20.23) and total breastfeeding duration of less than six months (OR = 4.14; 95% CI = 1.40-11.95). High diastolic blood pressure was not associated with any variable, whereas high systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure ratio was associated with breastfeeding duration of less than six months (OR = 3.48; 95% CI = 1.34-9.1). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that preschoolers breastfed for a period of less than six months were more likely to have high blood pressure when compared to those breastfed for a longer period, suggesting a protective effect of breastfeeding against high blood pressure in this population.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar se aleitamento nos primeiros meses de vida tem influência sobre a pressão arterial de pré-escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal aninhado numa coorte de nascidos num município mineiro. Foram convidadas todas as crianças da coorte. Entre 2009 e 2010, foram avaliados pressão arterial (PA) de 230 pré-escolares e de suas mães, além de variáveis antropométricas e pregressas e condição socioeconômica. A medida da PA foi feita de manhã, com os monitores automáticos de braço Omron® modelo HEM-714INT e HEM-781INT para medir a pressão arterial dos pré-escolares e de suas mães, respectivamente. Para o estudo da relação entre aleitamento materno e pressão arterial usou-se a regressão logística. O nível de significância adotado foi 5%. Resultados: Foram identificados 19 (8,26%) pré-escolares com pressão arterial elevada (valores acima do percentil 90). A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) elevada se associou ao baixo peso ao nascimento (OR = 5,41; IC 95%= 1,45-20,23) e ao período total de aleitamento materno inferior a seis meses (OR = 4,14; IC 95%= 1,40-11,95). Elevada pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) não se associou a qualquer variável e a PAS/PAD elevadas se associaram ao período de aleitamento materno inferior a seis meses (OR = 3,48; IC 95%= 1,34-9,1). Conclusão: Os pré-escolares amamentados por um período inferior a seis meses, quando comparados com os que amamentaram por um período superior, apresentaram maior chance de estar com pressão arterial elevada, o que sugere efeito protetor do aleitamento materno contra elevação da pressão arterial na população estudada.

Brazilian infant and preschool children feeding: literature review / Alimentação do lactente e do pré-escolar brasileiro: revisão da literatura

Abstract Objective To assess the feeding profile of Brazilian infants and preschool children aged 6 months to 6 years, based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of food and nutrient intake. Data source This review analyzed studies carried out in Brazil that had food survey data on infants and preschool children. The search was limited to publications from the last 10 years included in the LILACS and MEDLINE electronic databases. Data summary The initial search identified 1480 articles, of which 1411 were excluded after the analysis of abstracts, as they were repeated or did not meet the inclusion criteria. Of the 69 articles assessed in full, 31 articles contained data on food survey and were selected. Only three studies concurrently assessed children from different Brazilian geographical regions. Of the assessed articles, eight had qualitative data, with descriptive analysis of food consumption frequency, and 23 had predominantly quantitative data, with information on energy and nutrient consumption. Conclusions The articles assessed in this review showed very heterogeneous results, making it difficult to compare findings. Overall, the feeding of infants and preschool children is characterized by low consumption of meat, fruits, and vegetables; high consumption of cow's milk and inadequate preparation of bottles; as well as early and high intake of fried foods, candies/sweets, soft drinks, and salt. These results provide aid for the development of strategies that aim to achieve better quality feeding of Brazilian infants and preschoolers.

Resumo Objetivo Verificar o perfil alimentar do lactente e do pré-escolar brasileiro, na faixa de 6 meses a 6 anos, a partir da análise qualitativa e quantitativa do consumo de alimentos e nutrientes. Fontes de dados Nesta revisão foram analisados estudos feitos no Brasil que apresentavam dados de inquéritos alimentares de lactentes e pré-escolares. A busca foi limitada às publicações dos últimos dez anos, incluídas nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs e Medline. Síntese dos dados Na pesquisa inicial foram identificados 1.480 artigos, 1.411 foram excluídos após análise dos resumos, por ser repetidos ou não preencher os critérios de inclusão. Dos 69 artigos avaliados na íntegra, foram selecionados 31 que continham dados sobre alimentação. Apenas três trabalhos avaliaram concomitantemente crianças de diferentes regiões geográficas brasileiras. Dos artigos analisados, oito apresentavam informações qualitativas, com análise descritiva da frequência de consumo alimentar, e 23 informações predominantemente quantitativas, com dados de consumo energético e de nutrientes. Conclusões Os artigos analisados na presente revisão apresentaram resultados bastante heterogêneos, o que dificultou a comparação dos achados. De um modo geral, a alimentação do lactente e do pré-escolar é caracterizada pelo baixo consumo de carnes, frutas, legumes e verduras, por elevado consumo de leite de vaca e inadequação no preparo de mamadeiras, além de precoce e elevado consumo de frituras, doces, refrigerantes e sal. Nossos resultados constituem subsídios para a elaboração de estratégias que visem a melhorar a qualidade da alimentação do lactente e do pré-escolar brasileiro.

Association between maternal lifestyle and preschool nutrition / Associação do estilo de vida materno com a nutrição de pré-escolares

Summary Introduction: Many of the health behaviors involved in the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are originated in childhood under parental influence. Mothers are the ones most involved in the education and health care of children. Lifestyle (LS) is a social determinant of health. Very few studies tried to understand the influence of maternal LS on child nutrition. Objective: To verify the association between maternal behavioral and non-behavioral LS and nutritional aspects in preschool children. Method: From January 2010 to December 2010, we performed a cross-sectional study with 255 mothers of preschool children who were residents of five different sub-districts in southwestern São Paulo. A proportional stratified random sample was selected using two layers (“schools” and “children”). From the mother, sociodemographic and LS information were collected. From the child, data on anthropometry, sedentary behavior and food intake were collected. The association was calculated using chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Children who ate minimally processed food were born from mothers with more socially aware non-behavioral LS, while children that ate more processed food were born from mothers with more consumerist non-behavioral LS. No association was found between nutritional characteristics of preschoolers and types of maternal behavioral LS. Children presenting “sedentary behavior” and the habit of eating “ultra-processed foods” had 113% and 84% higher chances, respectively, of being born to mothers that belonged to the “consumerist” cluster. Conclusion: Mothers living a consumerist lifestyle can promote negative influences on child nutrition.

Resumo Introdução: muitos dos comportamentos de saúde envolvidos no aparecimento das doenças crônicas não comunicáveis são originados na infância sob influência dos pais. A mãe é a pessoa mais envolvida na educação e nos cuidados de saúde da criança. O estilo de vida (EdV) é um determinante social da saúde. Poucos estudos compreenderam a influência do EdV materno na nutrição infantil. Objetivo: verificar a associação do EdV materno comportamental e não comportamental com aspectos nutricionais do pré-escolar. Método: entre janeiro e dezembro de 2010, realizou-se um estudo transversal com 255 pares de mães-pré-escolares moradoras de cinco subdistritos da região sudoeste, do município de São Paulo. Selecionou-se uma amostra probabilística aleatória estratificada proporcional, com dois estratos (“escola” e “criança”). Da mãe, foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e de EdV. Da criança, foram coletadas informações antropométricas, de comportamento sedentário e consumo alimentar. As associações foram calculadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e por regressão logística. Resultados: as crianças com alimentação “minimamente processada” eram filhas de mães com EdV não comportamental mais “socioconsciente”, enquanto as crianças com alimentação “ultraprocessada” eram filhas de mães com EdV não comportamental mais do tipo “consumista”. Nenhuma associação foi encontrada entre as características nutricionais do pré-escolar e os tipos de EdV materno comportamental. As crianças com “comportamento sedentário presente” e alimentação “ultraprocessada” tiveram chances 113 e 84% maiores, respectivamente, de serem filhas de mães pertencentes ao cluster “consumista”. Conclusão: mães com EdV do tipo “consumista” podem proporcionar influências negativas na nutrição infantil.

Dietary transition difficulties in preterm infants: critical literature review / Dificuldades de transição alimentar em crianças prematuras: revisão crítica de literatura

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific literature on dietary changes in preterm children during the first years of life. DATA SOURCE: The PubMed database was used for article selection. The texts were analyzed according to their objectives, research design, and research group characteristics. The following were selected to comprise the criteria: (1) publications in the period from 1996 to 2014; (2) participation of infants and children from birth to 10 years of age; (3) development of oral motor skills necessary for feeding; (4) development of the feeding process; and (5) feeding difficulties during childhood. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There were 282 studies identified, of which 17 were used in the review, and five more articles were identified through the reference list of selected articles, totaling 22 references. CONCLUSION: Very low birth weight preterm newborns are more likely to have feeding problems in early postnatal stages and during childhood when compared with full-term infants. Monitoring the feeding of these infants after hospital discharge is strictly recommended in an early intervention program aiming at better development of feeding skills.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura científica sobre alterações alimentares em crianças prematuras durante os primeiros anos de vida. FONTE DOS DADOS: A base de dados do Pubmed foi a precursora para a seleção dos artigos. Os textos foram analisados quanto aos seus objetivos, desenhos da pesquisa e características do grupo pesquisa e foram selecionados os seguintes temas para compor os critérios: (1) publicações de 1996 a 2014; (2) participação de bebês e crianças, do nascimento até os 10 anos; (3) desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais necessárias para a alimentação; (4) desenvolvimento do processo de alimentação e (5) dificuldades alimentares durante a infância. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram identificados 282 estudos, 17 foram usados e cinco artigos foram identificados por meio da lista de referência bibliográfica dos artigos selecionados, totalizando 22 referências bibliográficas. CONCLUSÃO: A revisão permitiu concluir que recém-nascidos pré-termo muito baixo peso (RNPTMBP) são mais propensos a apresentar problemas de alimentação nos estágios iniciais pós-natal e durante a infância quando comparados com crianças a termo. O monitoramento da alimentação após a alta hospitalar é estritamente recomendado em um programa de intervenção precoce com vistas ao melhor desenvolvimento das habilidades alimentares.

Assessment of Barangay Nutrition Action Plan (BNAP) implementation in selected municipalities in Ifugao, Bulacan, Siquijor: Barangay nutrition scholar's perspectives

INTRODUCTION: The Barangay Nutrition Action Plan (BNAP) is the local version of the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN), the country's directional framework for nutrition improvement. The Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS) spearhead the BNAP implementation.OBJECTIVE: To assess the implementation of BNAP in selected municipalities with high and low prevalence of undernutrition in the province of Ifugao, Bulacan, and Siquijor.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative method of data collection was employed to assess the BNAP formulation and implementation. A total of 57 BNS consented to participate in a focus group discussion.RESULTS: This paper presents the BNS perspectives on how BNAP is formulated and implemented in their barangays. While program elements that distinguish the low and high prevalence municipalities were observed, unique program elements, which may explain the program impact in terms of of children's nutritional status, cannot be isolated. BNS' perception of the program inputs that contributed to the positive outcome of the BNAP implementation are as follows: political support, functional barangay nutrition committees, support and guidance from their supervisors, and their high credibility in the community as source of nutrition information that serves as their inspiration and motivation. The perceived program processes that contributed to improving the nutritional status of children in the community, are as follows: the presence of inter-agency collaboration, collective formulation of the BNAP, BNS' resourcefulness and innovativeness in soliciting support from other BNC member agencies.DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Across all municipalities, the BNS shared similar program inputs and processes that they perceived can contribute to improved BNAP implementation. They shared similar recommendations ranging from increased budgetary support for nutrition activities, more incentives for BNS (both monetary and non-monetary), security of tenure as BNS and cooperation from the community beneficiaries in their barangays. In high prevalence municipalities, BNS hope that the NNC will take notice of their problems particularly those that relate to BNAP implementation. Majority hopes that their appointment be apolitical to ensure their security of tenure. Some proposed that their Barangay Chairs be oriented on BNAP, BNC, BNS and their important roles in BNAP implementation. Recommendations to improve BNAP implementation included: political support to ensure funding of BNAP, functional BNC, continuous guidance from their supervisors, continuous BNS capacity building to enhance their program management skills and to enable them to effectively promote inter-agency collaboration and sustained advocacy at the national level for the passage of the Magna Carta for BNS that will increase their allowance and provide them with opportunities to upgrade technical capability to efficiently plan and manage local nutrition programs. 

Evaluation of nutritional status of school-age children after implementation of "Nutrition Improvement Program" in rural area in Hunan, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the nutritional status of school-age children in rural area in Hunan, China from 2012 to 2015 and to evaluate the effectiveness of the "Nutrition Improvement Program for Compulsory Education Students in Rural Area" (hereinafter referred to as "Nutrition Improvement Program").</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nutritional status of school-age children aged 6-14 years was evaluated after the implementation of the "Nutrition Improvement Program" and the changing trend of the children's nutritional status was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed on the monitoring data of the school-age children aged 6-14 years in rural area in Hunan, China from 2012 to 2015, which came from "The Nutrition and Health Status Monitoring and Evaluation System of Nutrition Improvement Program for Compulsory Education Students in Rural Area".</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2015, female students aged 6-7 years in rural area in Hunan, China had a significantly greater body length than the rural average in China (P<0.05). However, the other age groups had significantly smaller body length and weight than the rural averages in China (P<0.05). After the implementation of "Nutrition Improvement Program", the prevalence rate of growth retardation decreased (P<0.05), but the prevalence rate of emaciation increased (P<0.05). At the same time, the prevalence rate of overweight/obesity increased (P<0.05) and the prevalence rate of anemia decreased (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The implementation of "Nutrition Improvement Program" has achieved some success, but the nutritional status of school-age children has not improved significantly. Overweight/obesity and malnutrition are still present. Therefore, to promote the nutritional status of school-age children it is recommended to improve the measures for the "Nutrition Improvement Program".</p>

Failure to thrive in babies and toddlers

Failure to thrive in a child is defined as 'lack of expected normal physical growth' or 'failure to gain weight'. Diagnosis requires repeated growth measurements over time using local, age-appropriate growth centile charts. Premature babies with appropriate growth velocity and children with 'catch-down' growth, constitutional growth delay or familial short stature show normal growth variants, and usually do not require further evaluation. In Singapore, the most common cause of failure to thrive in children is malnutrition secondary to psychosocial and caregiver factors. 'Picky eating' is common in the local setting and best managed with an authoritative feeding style from caregivers. Other causes are malabsorption and existing congenital or chronic medical conditions. Child neglect or abuse should always be ruled out. Iron deficiency is the most common complication. The family doctor plays a pivotal role in early detection, timely treatment, appropriate referrals and close monitoring of 'catch-up' growth in these children.

Association between development of hypertension and nutrition in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between the development of hypertension and nutrition in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 8 033 children from 2 public primary schools in Fengdu County of Chongqing, whose registered residence was in the subdistricts where the two schools were located, were selected as study subjects using cluster random sampling. Body height, body weight, and blood pressure were measured, and the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary survey. The association between body mass index (BMI), dietary nutrients, and the development of hypertension in children was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 7 538 children were enrolled for analysis. The detection rates of obesity, overweight, and hypertension were 9.11%, 12.27%, and 11.83% respectively. In children with obesity and overweight, the detection rate of hypertension was 33.62% and 17.84% respectively, 4.02 and 2.13 times that in normal children. The multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis revealed that increased intake of calcium and sodium increased the risk of hypertension (OR=1.003 and 1.002 respectively), while the increased iron intake and calcium intake per unit body weight reduced the risk of hypertension (OR=0.979 and 0.926 respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of hypertension and obesity in school-age children in Fengdu County of Chongqing is high. BMI and dietary nutrients are closely associated with the development of hypertension in children. Active control of body weight, adjustment of dietary structure, and limitation of sodium intake should be adopted to reduce the development of hypertension in school-age children.</p>

Nutrition in Chinese-Korean Children and Adolescents / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the nutrition habits among Chinese-Korean children and adolescents in Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 for Chinese-Korean children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. The number of the subjects included was 4789, 4704, 5875, and 5315, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of the occurrence of stunting showed a declining trend from 1995 to 2010 (for boys: urban, 6.3%; rural, 12.7% in 1995 and 3.5% for both in 2010. For girls: urban, 7.8%; rural, 13.4% in 1995 and 4.2% and 5.5%, respectively, in 2010). Although the ratio of wasting did not show significant differences between the urban and rural children and adolescents in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 respectively, the ratio of occurrence of overweight or obesity increased (for boys: urban, 7.3% and 1.3% in 1995, 17.6% and 12.9% in 2010; rural, 7.0% and 1.3% in 1995, 14.6% and 12.8% in 2010, respectively. For girls: urban, 8.1% and 1.0% in 1995, 17.3% and 8.6% in 2010; rural 5.7% and 0.7% in 1995, 16.4% and 7.4% in 2010, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ratio of malnutrition in children and adolescents in Chinese-Korean areas declined from 1995 to 2010, and the distinction in malnutrition between the urban and rural areas was negligible in 2010. Further, the ratio of overweight and obesity increased over this period.</p>